Homocysteine
An amino acid linked to cardiovascular and neurological risk when elevated. Levels are influenced by B vitamins, especially B12 and folate.
What is Homocysteine?
Homocysteine is an amino acid produced during protein metabolism. Normally, it's quickly converted to other substances using vitamin B12, folate, and B6 as cofactors.
When these vitamins are deficient, homocysteine accumulates. Elevated levels are associated with increased cardiovascular, neurological, and pregnancy risks.
Normal Ranges
| Homocysteine Level | Interpretation |
|---|---|
| Below 10 µmol/L | Optimal |
| 10–15 µmol/L | Normal |
| 15–30 µmol/L | Elevated |
| Above 30 µmol/L | Severely elevated |
Why It Matters
Cardiovascular Risk
Elevated homocysteine damages blood vessel walls and promotes clotting. It's an independent risk factor for heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
Neurological Health
High homocysteine is associated with:
- Cognitive decline
- Dementia risk
- Depression
Pregnancy Complications
Elevated homocysteine increases risk of:
- Neural tube defects
- Preeclampsia
- Recurrent miscarriage
What Causes High Homocysteine
- B12 deficiency — Most common cause
- Folate deficiency
- B6 deficiency
- Kidney disease — Impaired clearance
- Genetics — MTHFR mutations affect metabolism
- Certain medications — Methotrexate, anticonvulsants
How to Lower Homocysteine
- Ensure adequate B12, folate, and B6 intake
- Treat underlying deficiencies
- Consider methylated B vitamins for MTHFR mutations
Related Biomarkers
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