LDL Cholesterol (Low-Density Lipoprotein)

What is LDL Cholesterol?

LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is often called "bad" cholesterol because it can deposit cholesterol in your artery walls, contributing to atherosclerosis — the buildup of fatty plaques that narrow arteries and increase heart attack and stroke risk.

Unlike HDL, which removes cholesterol, LDL delivers it to tissues, including places where it can cause harm.

Normal Ranges

Level	Category
Below 100 mg/dL	Optimal
100–129 mg/dL	Near optimal
130–159 mg/dL	Borderline high
160–189 mg/dL	High
190+ mg/dL	Very high

For people with heart disease or diabetes, targets are often lower (below 70 mg/dL).

Why It Matters

Primary Cardiovascular Risk Factor

LDL is the primary driver of atherosclerosis. Lowering LDL is one of the most evidence-backed ways to reduce heart disease risk.

Cumulative Exposure

Cardiovascular risk depends on lifetime LDL exposure. Lower levels earlier in life provide greater protection.

What Raises LDL

Saturated fat — Red meat, full-fat dairy, tropical oils
Trans fats — Partially hydrogenated oils (now banned in many countries)
Genetics — Familial hypercholesterolemia causes very high LDL
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle

How to Lower LDL

Reduce saturated fat intake
Increase soluble fiber — Oats, beans, fruits
Plant sterols and stanols
Regular exercise
Medications — Statins are highly effective when lifestyle changes aren't enough